Notes on 208 cases of scurvy treated in the Victoria hospital, Lovedale, South Africa: during the 12 months Nov. 1927 – Nov. 1928

(1) That the normal diet of the natives of this area is so poor in Anti-scorbutic elements that they live in a state of mild latent scurvy. This tends to make them less physically and mentally fit than they would otherwise be. It also lessens their resistance to other diseases Tuberculosis, Enteric Fever etc. (2) Drought deprives them of practically all the Antiscorbutic factor that exists in that diet, viz: - milk and green food -stuffs. (3) The greatest sufferers are (1) the adult men, who, most of them, are at work in labour centres and (2) the newly weaned children (1 - 3 yrs) who undergo a sudden change from a mildly Anti - scorbutic diet (breast milk) to an absolutely scorbutic one. (4) The deaths that occurred were all among children and all save one in the class 1 - 3 yrs. Heart failure was the ultimate cause of death in every case. (5) There was a conspicuous absence of cases amongst adolescents; no cases at all occurring between the ages of 14 and 18, and only 2 between 12 and 20 years. (6) Physical exertion precipitates the symptoms. A man may be apparently well and pains and swelling come on as soon as he starts heavy work. (7) Some points that I have not found mentioned in textbooks are as follows: - (a) In untreated cases among adults and older children fibrosis of the muscles and around joints takes place after haemorrhages by the natural process of healing. This causes crippling. (b) In parturient women scurvy tends to cause prolongation of labour and postpartum haemorrhage. (c) In small children with marked oedema the destruction of large areas of epidermis (in some as large as the palm of the hand) is common, raw septic surfaces being produced. (d) In small male children the extreme oedema of the external genitals is of fairly frequent occurrence. The prepuce is so swollen that difficulty of micturition results and even absolute retention in some cases. (8) That lemon juice half ari ounce three times a day will cure any adult case in the course of 2 to 4 weeks. But the larger the amount of lemon juice given the more rapid the cure. (9) Hot fomentations applied to the haemorrhagic swellings in adult cases and rubbing with Ung. Pot. Iod. after the swelling has gone down, prevents fibrosis and the resultant crippling

Freedom of Religion and Living Together

Despite the international recognition of religious freedom as a fundamental human right, recent developments in the United States and Europe reveal that the Islamic faith has been singled out qua Islam for special prohibitions. The question is whether this sectarian approach is compatible with the normative liberal approach to religious freedom that emphasizes egalitarianism and neutrality. The answer to this question is, no. Although religion within the paradigm of liberal political philosophy does not warrant special legal protection qua religion, this article contends that it is equally troublesome to single out religion qua religion for special disfavored treatment, even if the justification is facially neutral. This article uses facially neutral examples, such as: the French burqa-ban case, the Travel Ban project of President Trump, and the anti-Sharia debacle in the state of Oklahoma. This article draws on the dichotomous approach of liberal political philosophy to religion and develops a non-sectarian framework of arguments to defend religious liberty

The Constitutional Dynamics of Religious Manifestations: on Abstraction from the Religious Dimension

The justification grounds for a special right to religious freedom have been scrutinized in the public and the scholarly debates across liberal democracies. In the public debate, the legal admissibility of some religious manifestations has been challenged for reasons that suggest religious manifestations have been favored in law qua religious. In the scholarly debate, the focus has been on the “specialness” of religion and the justification grounds for singling out religion qua religion for a favored treatment in law. However, recent developments show that religion has also been singled out qua religion for a disfavored treatment. This project pays attention to both angles of the debate on law and religion. To this end, it combines the outcomes of six separate articles, each touching upon a different aspect of this debate. As such, it elaborates in the first four articles on the question whether religion qua religion deserves special legal solicitude. Subsequently, it explores in the last two articles on singling out religion qua religion for a disfavored treatment in law

Deference to the Plaintiff in Forum Non Conveniens Cases

This Note analyzes several cases in an effort to understand why, based on each case’s unique circumstances, the plaintiff’s choice of forum received a particular level of deference. This Note then produces a synthesized list of factors that alter the level of deference a plaintiff’s choice of forum receives under forum non conveniens analysis. An understanding of these factors provides increased predictability as to when a plaintiff’s choice of forum might receive heightened deference under this common law doctrine

Tonic Activation of GluN2C/GluN2D-Containing NMDA Receptors by Ambient Glutamate Facilitates Cortical Interneuron Maturation

Developing cortical GABAergic interneurons rely on genetic programs, neuronal activity, and environmental cuesto construct inhibitory circuits during early postnatal development. Disruption of these events can cause long-term changes in cortical inhibition and may be involved in neurological disorders associated with inhibitory circuit dysfunction. We hypothesized that tonic glutamate signaling in the neonatal cortex contributesto, and is necessary for,the maturation of cortical interneurons. Totestthis hypothesis, we used mice of both sexes to quantify extracellular glutamate concentrations in the cortex during development, measure ambient glutamate-mediated activation of developing cortical interneurons, and manipulatetonic glutamate signaling using subtype-specific NMDA receptor antagonists in vitro and in vivo. We report that ambient glutamate levels are high (100 nM) in the neonatal cortex and decrease (to 50 nM) during the first weeks of life, coincident with increases in astrocytic glutamate uptake. Consistent with elevated ambient glutamate, putative parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the cortex (identified using G42:GAD1-eGFP reporter mice) exhibit a transient, tonic NMDA current at the end of the first postnatal week. GluN2C/GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors mediate the majority of this current and contribute to the resting membrane potential and intrinsic properties of developing putative parvalbumin interneurons. Pharmacological blockade of GluN2C/GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors in vivo during the period of tonic interneuron activation, but not later, leads to lasting decreases in interneuron morphological complexity and causes deficits in cortical inhibition later in life. These results demonstrate that dynamic ambient glutamate signaling contributes to cortical interneuron maturation via tonic activation of GluN2C/ GluN2D-containing NMDA receptor

The Trail, 1972-02-25

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